M10LA_wzz5097

In 125-175 words, describe what the biodiversity in your hometown is like, use the terms from the content just learned.

The city/region I used to live, Beijing, capital of China, can’t be said to be a biodiversity hotspots; but it is definitely a hotspot that only few species are left. Human as well as social norms are to blame for the decrease in number of species for the last several decades. Birds and insects like sparrows and locusts were used to be regarded as two of ‘four pests.’ People used to captured sparrows and locusts to prevent them from biting the crops. This wiped out 90% of their population in only 3 years. Now, their number are slowly recovering as thus social norms no longer exists. This case of threat could fall under the category of ‘human population’ and ‘overharvesting’ of H.I.P.P.O. These days I rarely see the traces of birds in the city. Every time I traveled to other countries, I am so welcomed by the pigeons, birds and squirrels live in the city.

In 125-175 words, summarize the article ‘Probing Question: What’s killing the honeybees?’ and write a reflection about it.

         Recently millions of bees that are account of roughly 30% of nation’s pollinator stock are reported missing by bee farmers across the country. Experts call this massive die-out as Colony Collapse Disorder. Honey bee expert from Penn State, Maryann Frazier and entomology professor Diana Lynn Cox-Foster concluded few reasons including varroa mite, a parasite that suck the blood of bees, and mysterious ‘fungal disease.’ In general the true murderer isn’t discovered yet. Bees are a crucial role in biodiversity. Basically, they are one of the keystone species that help many plants and crops to reproduce. If they are missing from this bio-network, many species that rely on bees would go extinct unless they found other species to do the job for them. This reminds me about the coral reefs that they are similar in many aspects. People can’t see the decrease in numbers of both, while they all perform crucial services to the ecosystem.

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  1. To begin with, the setting is a serious fast pace of global warming and the main cause of it is greenhouse emission, which mainly is consisted of water vapor and carbon dioxide that traps the heat between the troposphere and earth surface. Years ago back in 1997 countries realized about this and reached the agreement of Kyoto Protocol at Kyoto, Japan by recognizing that the developed countries are ‘principally’ responsible for the greenhouse gas emission. The protocol took into affective in 2004. Lots of countries signed to cut 55% of carbon dioxide emission. This left plenty of room for later amendments and further committees like the Copenhagen one. The Copenhagen Accord requires countries to cut their greenhouse gas. However, there is a dilemma. More-developed countries emitted most of the gases in the world now and triggers sea level rises and extreme weathers that damage poor countries most. While poor countries aren’t the contributor of the gas emission. What’s more. less-developed nations need industries for further economic growth and development. United States saw a huge benefit and an incredible money flow through this meeting. And that’s what we see from the graph of several diplomatic offensives through the secret cables that being leaked, for example, offering $30 bn to countries like Maldives to let them agree upon the Accord. Maldives is like a less-developed country I just discussed, known for world-famous tourist destination in the middle of Indian Ocean now facing the threat of rising sea level. Another case is Saudi Arabia, which is a wealth country for oil exporting. America offered the aid to help diversifying Saudi Arabia’s economy rather than simply relying on oil production. After all this, 116 countries agreed on the accord and another 26 intended to agree. As being discussed in the class text, reaching an agreement is difficult, taking certain actions will always hurt someone’s interest. Hope further protocols would make further achievement while satisfying the public’s interest.

     2. I would like to applaud America for taking an extremely active role in Copenhagen Accord. America worked hard secretly to achieve its interest through this committee.  Above all, global warming, more frequent and intensive extreme weathers and natural disasters, has been addressed an urgent and serious issue numerous times across the globe. Through many amendments, summits and protocols we realized that it’s both governments and public’s responsibility to sustainably. Governments make decisions on macro level, while as individuals, we could change our decisions, choices, and lifestyles for sustainability. The place we choose to live, the diet we choose to have and the type of commute transportation we choose to travel. These many individual mitigation actions are the way we could do. Implementing emission regulations, enforcing the inspection and punishment are something the government can do, rather than ‘buying’ the less-developed countries to satisfy their interests. The news about Wikileaks really made a huge disturbance between nations and caused credit and trusts crises. Would it be better if they make these actions transparent and make them accessible to the public? Maybe and maybe not. The public would be able to see how the governments mitigate, while the government might face many critiques about their mitigation plans. This Wikileak issue shows that no matter what the mitigation be, the poor countries would suffer from that ultimately. They are the ones who are most vulnerable to disasters and global warming impacts. They are also easiest to be manipulated. Every country should be treated equally. They could take advices but not be manipulated.

M8LA_wzz5097

  1. It’s hard to reduce vulnerability to the natural hazards without identifying them. I spent several years living in Ankara, the capital of Turkey, before college. In personal opinion, Ankara is located in a fairly mild climate zone. However, according to Nathan World Map of Natural Hazards, Ankara is Zone 3: MM VII of earthquakes, and the Anatolia Plateau it sits on falls into Zone 3 or 4 of earthquakes. This could probably be explained that Turkey sits at the boundary of Eurasia, Arabian and African plate1. According to the data, Ankara is in Hailstorms zone3, extratropical storms zone 1, tornados zone 2, and wildfires zone 2. These graphs are super useful depicting the general natural hazards level around the world. What’s more, I see the trends of more precipitation and snowfall in subpolar area and more drought and less agricultural yield in subtropical area.
  2. The hazard I picked is an earthquake with 3.6 magnitude level that is happening at the moment of writing this in Iran. Ankara is like my second home so I would like to use Ankara for this discussion. As mentioned above, Ankara lies in a relatively ‘earthquake zone.’ During my years staying in Ankara, I didn’t experience any earthquakes but there were several major earthquakes happened elsewhere in Turkey like the one in Van with magnitude of 7.2 in 20112 and another one in Izmir with a minor magnitude. So Ankara has a very high risk of earthquakes and it is very vulnerable to it. Most of the year Ankara regulates its water supply and the density is fairly high. If the earthquake strikes, people would have a hard time with water supply and having enough shelter places. What’s more, the roads are mainly single or two lane roads which are really narrow, after the earthquake the rescue and disaster relief forces will have a hard time getting round when roads might be blocked by fallen buildings and trees. The earthquake I chose which is happening in Iran is M3.6, which is not as severe as major earthquakes. As for the potential impact the site says: “A few people might notice movement if they are at rest and/or on the upper floors of tall buildings.” The later part interests me that the people who live in upper part of building may feel the movement rather the one live in the lower floor. Anyway, if a M3.6 earthquake hits Ankara might have really minor impacts. However, if the pipes are being damaged, residents will have a serious water shortage as water have to be accessed from some place far away as there isn’t much water reservoir around Ankara. One thing I am worried about is the density of residential buildings in Ankara. They are mostly built one next to each other with very little distance between each building as the photo shows, one falling building during the earthquake might create domino effect3.
    ankara01
    There is a large population of children and elders in the city, they will be very vulnerable to earthquake impacts as their mobility, physical and mental conditions are much less prepared than adults. They also have less accessibility to the news and related hazard forecast. In my opinion, the city of Ankara could set up lots of community offices to function as an assembly place for emergency, spread out hazard forecast information to elders and kids in the community and storage of food and water. This way Ankara could be more prepared for earthquakes.
  3. Other main natural hazard Ankara is facing is drought. Turkey is mountainous in its area around the boarders, but the Anatolia plateau makes up its center territory. For cities like Ankara, Eskisehir, Kayseri, Konya, and Nevsehir, the water supply mainly comes during winter season with precipitation and snowfall. In 2007, Ankara experienced a major severe drought result from lower than normal precipitation during winter seasons. During the summer when the drought took place, the water level drops to less than 5% of the reservoir capacity4. The city has to limit the water supply by two days on and two days off pattern with a limited amount. The press is also making efforts by urging the public to cut the water use.
  4. I wasn’t in Ankara in 2007, but during my yeas in Ankara I never felt there is a risk of water shortage thanks to sufficient snowfall in winters. Both the public and the government should be blamed for the 2007 drought. Turkey doesn’t have an emergency plan for a drought besides cutting water supply, nor does the public lack the awareness of the risk of drought. Ankara, from its history setting, isn’t the best location to have the capital with such a large population. Government should put a cap on the population of Ankara and encourage people to move to coastal cities as there are less risk of drought or other natural hazards. If drought happens, I would do my best on water saving as I practice it during daily life.

Sources:

  1. “Map of Tectonic Plates.”Tectonic Plates Map and Information Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2016. http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/tectonic.gif
  2. Mackenzie, Craig. “Frantic Search for Survivors Continues as 272 Killed and More than 1,300 Injured after Buildings Collapse in Turkish Earthquake.”Mail Online. Associated Newspapers, n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2016.http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2052493/Turkey-earthquake-2011-death-toll-rises-270-killed-1-300-injured.html
  3. “Geschiedenis: Arabieren | Presentation View | FlipQuiz.”Geschiedenis: Arabieren | Presentation View | FlipQuiz. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2016.http://looklex.com/e.o/slides/ankara01.jpg
  4. “BBC NEWS | Europe | Water Cut in Drought-hit Ankara.”BBC News. BBC, 03 Aug. 2007. Web. 28 Mar. 2016.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6929186.stm

 

M7LA_Wzz5097

The city I would like to talk about is Beijing, China, where I spent six years there. As the capital of the most populous country, the population reaches 21.15 million as of 2013. So there are lots of neighborhoods, located all over the places in Beijing’s metropolitan area. However, there are all types of neighborhoods, pedestrian-oriented, automobile suburb and urban downtown. In terms of transportation, in general, the car possession rate is not so high comparing to it in U.S. So people mainly commute by public transportation. Roughly 10 million people take subway every day. The central city is really dense with numerous high-rises. Neighborhoods spread over the city and business areas scatter among them. In terms of density, the center city of Beijing is like Manhattan without a Central Park but a few smaller ones. I love living in Beijing with all kinds of parks I could hike in and all kinds of delicious food I could eat despite the ugly sides like smog and traffic congestion.

Curitiba makes the best example when I am going to talk about the BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) system of a city, particularly metropolitan. From the text content one must be familiarized what this concept differentiates from the normal buses. BRTs has special lanes to avoid the traffic, metro-like stations to speed up boarding process, and high-capacity articulated buses that function as a small metro unit with much lower cost, much, much lower. Beijing has 4 BRT lines with a few branches, connecting suburb areas to inner city transit hubs. However, these lines aren’t efficient enough as the buses were set with 30mph speed limit and lots of private vehicles use bus lanes. A more sustainable way of doing this is to have BRTs running across the city on all major roads, set strict rules to give highest priority to buses, and use environmental friendly buses just like Curitiba does. A large BRT network attract commuters from driving and taking the subway, thus relieve the stress on subway system and traffic congestion.

The second city I would like to talk about is Detroit and its urban farming strategy. In the video locals and the city clean up the abandoned houses and yards and started growing vegetables. It helps people to get a healthier diet, supply the local markets to avoid transportation cost, and helps with the environment by relieving the heat-island effect by more vegetation coverage. Beijing could also use this strategy to relieve its heat-island effect to get more sustainable. As the air pollution problems getting more serious, city is moving all of its industrial factories out to nearby provinces. The places left by massive abandoned factories could be converted to urban farmlands, rather than converting to business districts or high-density neighborhoods. Beijing is heavily relying on the vegetables and fruits that being grown and transported from hundred miles away. When the weather conditions worse prices on these greens would go up and nobody likes to see that. It would be more reliable and sustainable to do some urban farming in Beijing.

M6LA_wzz5097

As a student who comes from China, there is too much to say about the food choice and the decisions we face on our diet. Since a really little age, kids were taught how significant the food production in China is, that we used 7% of the land to feed 21% of population on earth. Even though these figures aren’t really comparable, but it emphasizes the agricultural revolution we had in the last century innovated by Dr. Longping Yuan. One of the most important social norms in China on food is about saving the food and never wasting any bit. We started understanding the importance of not wasting food since a kid. Older generations were grown up with little resources available, like oil and meat. In 1960s and 1970s China was struggling with poverty so nowadays elders are accustomed and fond of eating lots of vegetables. As a person grown up in a fairly affluent environment, I could never understand my older generations’ food choice. I couldn’t live without meat in every meal.

The social issues on food in China is rather more about a historical issue than it is now. The “Great Leap Forward” movement resulted in a severe famine that lasted several years in 1960s. Numerous death reported across the nation. This famine left an unforgettable impression on Chinese older generations as they survived it. My grandparents always avoid talking about as it was serious and dire. This famine, as a social issue, hugely shaped people’s diets. Wasting food in the last century would be condemned. However, situation has completely changed within few decades. China becomes more affluent in terms of economy as well as the food production. The more urgent food-related social issue is childhood obesity. According to research, around one out of every ten kids experiences certain degrees of obesity. Parents knew how ugly the famine was so they try to satisfy all of their kids’ wants. In all, the most crucial social norm on food should be reducing the waste from production, transportation, and consumption.

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M5LA_wzz5097

Article 1: Regulation on transportation in central London city proves to be effective in reducing traffic congestion. This case study on sustainable traffic improvement in central area of London, United Kingdom is drawn from ‘Colby – Sustainable Development’ by Caroline Allison from Colby College. The city government levies a license system for private cars travelling in and out of central London. The price for the license is charged on daily basis and the results for this action is a 33% decrease in trips of private vehicles and an increase on usage of public transportation. Though the primary goal for this development is to decrease the level of traffic congestion in central London, other benign effects were also achieved. More people got out of their own cars and shift to public transportation, as well as shaping a better image of London for tourists. The idea of ‘end use’ is best explained here. London is seen here to have a higher end use, as there is positive government revenue generated and better city image.

Source: http://personal.colby.edu/personal/t/thtieten/Allison.htm

Article 2: Transmilenio project improved transportation condition in Bogota, Columbia. This case study talks about the successful development on public transportation in Bogota, Columbia. It is written by Guy, Crawford from IDS. (Institute for Development Studies) The Transmilenio project is mainly powered by a Bus Rapid Transit program as well as improvement in related public transportation infrastructures. The project proves to be affordable and affective in achieving its goals, which is reducing the travel time in, through and out of the city and emission. What’s more, the number of traffic accidents and related fatalities has decreased by 94% along the main roads. With a single ticket system poorer commuters who live in further suburban communities were also able to ride with a uniform fare. This also provides an incentive for people to move out of central city. Though poor people are more likely to live in a less developed location (Development’s downside), the Transmilenio helps them to better commute and have better connection with other parts of city.

Source: https://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/LHcasestudy05-BogotaBRT.pdf

Paragraph 3: London’s and Bogota’s approach in sustainable development in transportation both prove to be effective. These two approaches are based on two different sector of transportation. One is regulation on private car use within central city while the other is about improving the public transportation facilities. From two different approaches they achieved a similar outcome, which is shift people to mass transit, reducing the congestion and emission and shaping a better city image. I used to live in Beijing, China, which has a different approach in reducing traffic congestion. This approach is consists of three actions, exceptionally low public transportation fares, plate-end-number regulation on road (license plate with certain last digit were unable to use the roads once a week) and restriction on number of car registrations. Beijing is now largely expanding its metro service coverage as the capability of roads is reaching its limits. In general, all of these approaches prove to be very effective in terms of traffic reduction. An integration of these approaches would help building a better transportation system in urban areas.

M4LA_wzz5097

1-a

Here I would like to talk about the water management in my hometown, Beijing, China. First of all, I would like to address why Beijing is the capital of China despite its characteristic severe water scarcity all the time. In 1641 the third emperor of Ming dynasty, Di Zhu, moved Chinese capital city from Nanking to Beijing in order to set up better defense against Mongols’ invasion. Back in 1600s water scarcity problem wasn’t that important compare to national defense. Beijing has mountains to its north and west and plains to its south and east. Currently, Beijing is running on a serious negative water usage budget. There are around 85 water reservoirs around Beijing, mainly in northern and western mountains. Only four of them are the major ones consist of 85% of the whole water reservoir capacity. Two main rivers supply the city while one of them, Yonding River, was abandoned due to pollution in the last century and now function as Wetland Park and a solution to flood during rain season. The water usage amount exceeds the supply by 0.6 billion cubic meters in a year. (Usage is 3.6 bn cubic meters, supply is 3.0 bn cubic meters) The government solved this issue by spending billions of money on the famous ‘South-North Water Transfer Project.’ The project created three main pipeline connecting Han River, in the central China with Beijing by over 1,000 km (600 mi) of giant pipes. So the water supply of Beijing is consists of exploitation of ground water, precipitation, several rivers and the ‘transfer project.’ Several rivers flow through Beijing is also fed by the ‘transfer project.’ Residential water usage claims half of the total usage while irrigation claims almost the other half. On behalf of wastewater treatment, Beijing is making great effort to this issue. New wastewater facilities are constructed and put in use yearly. This method accounts to a quarter of the total amount of wastewater which then be used as industrial coolants, irrigation and other minor aspects. The rest are being treated to lower standard and transported out of Beijing to Haihe in Tianjin which then joins the sea. That’s about the general view of water management in Beijing.

1-b

The day I used to record my data is Feb. 5th, 2016. After computing my answer from USGS website, I got totally thrilled by how much water I use in one day, which is around 40 gallons. I got thrilled because that the next question asks me to live with only 2 gallons a day. Below is my data collected from previous day and I even felt that I drank less water compared to other days.

  1. 2 tooth brushings – less than one gallon
  2. 5 hand/face washings – one gallon
  3. 1 shower around 5 min – if I am using the water-saving shower then it would be 2 gallon per minute
  4. 5 toilet flushes – 8 gallons
  5. 8 glasses of water (8 oz glass)
  6. 1 time dishwashing by hand – 8-27 gallons depends on the efficiency.
  7. No clothes washing yesterday. I wash my clothes once a week regularly.

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Dish washing accounts to the   green portion that occupies half of the pie. Toilet flushes are represented by yellow legions. While shower water usage is shown by grey. This pie chart clearly shows which activity requires most water among other daily activities.

1-c

First of all, I would like to make some general goals for living with 2 gallons of water a day.Firstly, I need to cut my shower time by 80%, which would be roughly rinse over the body. And this would exclude the water wasted to get hot water to get hot water. Secondly, I have to cut all other water uses by half, and avoid dishwashing to achieve this goal. These aren’t enough. In the real practice on Feb. 6th, 2016, I didn’t drink a cup of coffee in the morning which I usually do. I avoided to make food at home. I barely showered and washed my face and hands. And the flushes minimal times. And the result turned out to be 10 gallons. I would not try this another day, and I definitely failed this experiment. In this experiment I showered, drank water, washed hands for few times, flushed 3 times and brushed my tooth once. The priority for this experiment I set is to have enough drinking water in order not to feel sick. As mentioned previously, I cut all the activity practices by half and avoided dishwashing. In all geography conditions make a huge difference between where I live now and Mozambique or Haiti. They are both in severe water scarcity levels. Haiti, which is on a Caribbean island and receive limited precipitation. All it could do is through ocean water desalination, which is an impossible practice to less developed nation like Haiti due to its high cost. Water availability is both low for these two countries. Although both have easy accessibility to sea, freshwater availability is low. Water use efficiency is low while most of water needs to be used for agricultural irrigation. Without adequate facilities only a small portion of people could gain access to an improved water source. (47% for Mozambique) As depicted in figure 4.3 America has adequate water usage compared to African countries which are ‘squeeze’ on the map. Thanks to a sophisticated water usage regulations, facility regulations and smart water management methods, people could enjoy plenty of water instead of worrying about it.

 

 

 

 

M3LA_wzz5097

  1. Do the ends justify the means (ends ethics vs. means ethics)?
    – Justifying the importance of ‘process’ and ‘consequence’ is rather a fairly complex question. As the class text poses, ‘is it fundamentally wrong to ever perform the action of chopping down a tree, or is it acceptable to chop down trees when the consequences of chopping the tree down are good enough?’1 There is an interconnected relationship going on here. Sometimes the process itself functions as the consequence of another process. For example, the process of cutting down a tree is the consequence of a work plan and workers’ effort. While cutting down a tree is in a process of managing forest. Managing a forest is also the consequence of the goal of helping the environment. Shifting to cleaner fuel is also the process of achieving cleaner air. However, we can also achieve this by innovating more efficient engines. Consequence is definitely crucial, as well as the process. Many people believe that ’means’ justify ‘ends’ with the example of mountain climbing. The view along the way is more important than getting to the mountain summit. Without the process, there is no way to have a consequence, whether it’s good or not. In order to achieve living sustainably, we need to pay close attention to what steps and actions we take.Reference: Text, Basic Ethics Concepts, Module 3
  2. Is it more important to be a good person or to perform good acts (virtue ethics vs. action ethics)?Performing good acts doesn’t necessary suggest that one is a good person, while a good person would perform good acts. A civil official works hard to pass legislations that benefit people and regularly visit and help those in need. But on the other hand this officer also receive the bribery and being corrupted. So being a good person and performing good acts are two different sides. It is very vague to categorize a person to be a good person, as he/she may be good in certain characteristics or aspects. In order to become a good person, performing good acts is certain. In China, many people eat dog meat while there is also a large number of groups of those who advocate and take actions to protect dogs. They are good people when they are protecting the animals. However, they also take some violent actions to protect dogs from being slaughtered. There are always conflicts and clash between dog protectors and dog meat merchandise. Performing good acts indeed have a good intention and beneficial consequences. However, the process of performing such good acts may have negative effects. It is very one-sided when we simply judging by whether a person is good or bad or performing an act. However, we could come up with the decision if we could value these by comparing the benefits and costs like we do in economics.
  3. Do ecosystems matter for their own sake, or do they only matter to the extent that they impact humans (ecocentric ethics vs. anthropocentric ethics)?
    – Even though ecosystems matter for their own sake, they are more beneficial when they help human. Through education and daily life we develop a sense of civic, which we are kind to the environment. We are taught to protect environment. We are taught not to litter. We are taught to not abuse animals. However, these are very pale arguments when we are considering questions like to live a better life or not. Indeed, ecosystem very important and they exist for their own sake. However, no one could deny that one function of the ecosystem is to provide people with sufficient resources, food, and nutrition. We need meat to gain certain vitamin and protein. We need vegetables and fruits to obtain multiple vitamins and stay healthy. Without utilizing the nature, human would not evolve to the condition nowadays. Civicly speaking, ecosystems enjoy the same rights as we do. Economically speaking, human’s supply and demand base on the ecosystem.

LearningActivity#2_wzz5097

biogas_diagram_wzz5097

The core behind this diagram is that biogas is a better solution for cooking fuel in India. First of all, human and the environment are closely coupled together. Before introduced to biogas. Women and children have to gather fuel wood from the forest, in which deplete trees, causes soil erosion and make the land more vulnerable to natural disasters ultimately. This create a positive feedback loop with negative effects. More woods gathered enable to feed more people, in which more forests got cut down. Women and children spending time gathering fuel, children don’t have enough time for their breakfast and school work, in which result in a worse health condition and education level. Women will be impacted with dirt and smoke created while cooking. Using biogas requires no wood, children get better education and people would be healthier. Comparing to the system diagram from Marten what is human ecology, both diagrams have main category as social system and ecosystem. Two-direction arrows suggest that these two are coupled to each other. Change in one would affect the other. The difference is that in my diagram, a new technology of biogas is introduced to the system. Thus changed some factors in both categories. For example, kids have more time studying and less trees are cut down. By comparing both diagrams, my diagram doesnt show the effect of biogas generator clearly. In Martens graph, reduced impacts are shown with dotted lines.

M1_LearningActivity_wzz5097

I am Wenjie Zheng, a sophomore this year. Right now I live in State College, PA but I grew up in Beijing, China. My major is Economics, but I would also like Geography as my minor, even as my second major. I haven’t decided what to do as the future career, but it will definitely be related to what I am learning now. Currently the topic of sustainability is a hot issue, as it closely related to the future of all human beings, whether how long we are going to last on this planet, and how we are going to sustain that amount of time. It interests me that I want to answer all the observations I witnessed around me. One of my hobbies is travelling. So I always see the actions people deal with environment. For example Germany likes to China harshly regulates the use on plastic bags; as well as the detoured ferry route to avoid shallow water coral reefs in Fiji.

I would like to talk about the issue with Visualization from this module. Visualization is an important way for people to be familiarized with this world, and it is also one of the most crucial tools for people to learn an object. In this section it addressed the issue that the most common map of the world that people are most familiar with is actually inaccurate in depicting the size of each country, water area, and continents. In the video posted, the scientists mentioned the example of Greenland Africa. It seems the Greenland is the same size as Africa on the map but it is actually 14 times smaller than Africa. This is due to the rectangular distortion with the map. They then introduced the Peters Projection, in which more accurately describing the size and location of each land in a rectangular map. By simply looking at the maps without knowing the figures and data people are often biased with area of a particular land. Visualization such as maps should offer an accurate depiction rather than making the map ‘good looking’.